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Quick Answer
Yes, you can use headphones with an electric guitar, but not by plugging most headphones directly into the guitar. You need a practice amp, headphone amp, multi-effects unit, or audio interface between the guitar and headphones.
For most beginners, the simplest quiet path is a small practice amp with a headphone jack.
Full setup: Quiet Electric Guitar Practice Setup Canada.
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Open guitar headphone amps on Amazon.ca · Open headphone-output practice amps
See the apartment practice answer · Read the quiet practice guide